Overview of Corn-Pone Opinions by Mark Twain

In an essay not published until several years after his death, humorist Mark Twain examines the effects of social pressures on our thoughts and beliefs. Corn-Pone Opinions is presented as an argument, says Davidson College English professor Ann M. Fox, not a sermon. Rhetorical questions, elevated language, and short clipped declarations . . . are part of this strategy. (The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, 1993) Corn-Pone Opinions by Mark Twain Fifty years ago, when I was a boy of fifteen and helping to inhabit a Missourian village on the banks of the Mississippi, I had a friend whose society was very dear to me because I was forbidden by my mother to partake of it. He was a gay and impudent and satirical and delightful young black man--a slave--who daily preached sermons from the top of his masters woodpile, with me for sole audience. He imitated the pulpit style of the several clergymen of the village and did it well, and with fine passion and energy. To me, he was a wonder. I believed he was the greatest orator in the United States and would some day be heard from. But it did not happen; in the distribution of rewards, he was overlooked. It is the way, in this world. He interrupted his preaching, now and then, to saw a stick of wood; but the sawing was a pretense--he did it with his mouth; exactly imitating the sound the bucksaw makes in shrieking its way through the wood. But it served its purpose; it kept his master from coming out to see how the work was getting along. I listened to the sermons from the open window of a lumber room at the back of the house. One of his texts was this: You tell me whar a man gits his corn pone, en Ill tell you what his pinions is. I can never forget it. It was deeply impressed upon me. By my mother. Not upon my memory, but elsewhere. She had slipped in upon me while I was absorbed and not watching. The black philosophers idea was that a man is not independent, and cannot afford views which might interfere with his bread and butter. If he would prosper, he must train with the majority; in matters of large moment, like politics and religion, he must think and feel with the bulk of his neighbors or suffer damage in his social standing and in his business prosperities. He must restrict himself to corn-pone opinions--at least on the surface. He must get his opinions from other people; he must reason out none for himself; he must have no first-hand views. I think Jerry was right, in the main, but I think he did not go far enough. It was his idea that a man conforms to the majority view of his locality by calculation and intention.This happens, but I think it is not the rule.It was his idea that there is such a thing as a first-hand opinion; an original opinion; an opinion which is coldly reasoned out in a mans head, by a searching analysis of the facts involved, with the heart unconsulted, and the jury room closed against outside influences. It may be that such an opinion has been born somewhere, at some time or other, but I suppose it got away before they could catch it and stuff it and put it in the museum. I am persuaded that a coldly-thought-out and independent verdict upon a fashion in clothes, or manners, or literature, or politics, or religion, or any other matter that is projected into the field of our notice and interest, is a most rare thing--if it has indeed ever existed. A new thing in costume appears--the flaring hoopskirt, for example--and the passers-by are shocked, and the irreverent laugh. Six months later everybody is reconciled; the fashion has established itself; it is admired, now, and no one laughs. Public opinion resented it before, public opinion accepts it now and is happy in it. Why? Was the resentment reasoned out? Was the acceptance reasoned out? No. The instinct that moves to conformity did the work. It is our nature to conform; it is a force which not many can successfully resist. What is its seat? The inborn requirement of self-approval. We all have to bow to that; there are no exceptions. Even the woman who refuses from first to last to wear the hoopskirt comes under that law and is its slave; she could not wear the skirt and have her own approval; and that she must have, she cannot help herself. But as a rule, our self-approval has its source in but one place and not elsewhere--the approval of other people. A person of vast conse quences can introduce any kind of novelty in dress and the general world will presently adopt it--moved to do it, in the first place, by the natural instinct to passively yield to that vague something recognized as authority, and in the second place by the human instinct to train with the multitude and have its approval. An empress introduced the hoopskirt, and we know the result. A nobody introduced the bloomer, and we know the result. If Eve should come again, in her ripe renown, and reintroduce her quaint styles--well, we know what would happen. And we should be cruelly embarrassed, along at first. The hoopskirt runs its course and disappears. Nobody reasons about it. One woman abandons the fashion; her neighbor notices this and follows her lead; this influences the next woman; and so on and so on, and presently the skirt has vanished out of the world, no one knows how nor why, nor cares, for that matter. It will come again, by and by and in due course will go again. Twenty-five years ago, in England, six or eight wine glasses stood grouped by each persons plate at a dinner party, and they were used, not left idle and empty; today there are but three or four in the group, and the average guest sparingly uses about two of them. We have not adopted this new fashion yet, but we shall do it presently. We shall not think it out; we shall merely conform, and let it go at that. We get our notions and habits and opinions from outside influences; we do not have to study them out. Our table manners, and company manners, and street manners change from time to time, but the changes are not reasoned out; we merely notice and conform. We are creatures of outside influences; as a  rule, we do not think, we only imitate. We cannot invent standards that will stick; what we mistake for standards are only fashions, and perishable. We may continue to admire them, but we drop the use of them. We notice this in literature. Shakespeare is a standard, and fifty years ago we used to write tragedies which we couldnt tell from--from somebody elses; but we dont do it  any more, now. Our  prose  standard,  three quarters  of a century ago, was ornate and diffuse; some authority or other changed it in the direction of compactness and simplicity, and conformity followed, without argument. The historical novel starts up  suddenly and sweeps the land. Everybody writes one, and the nation is glad. We had historical novels before; but nobody read them, and the rest of us   conformed--without reasoning it out. We are conforming in the other way, now, because it is another case of everybody. The outside influences are always pouring in upon us, and we are always obeying their orders and accepting their verdicts. The Smiths like the new play; the Joneses go to see it, and they copy the Smith verdict. Morals, religions, politics, get their following from surrounding influences and atmospheres, almost entirely; not from study, not from thinking. A man must and will have his own approval first of all, in each and every moment and circumstance of his life--even if he must repent of a self-approved act the moment after its commission, in order to get his self-approval again: but, speaking in general terms, a mans self-approval in the large concerns of life has its source in the approval of the peoples about him, and not in a searching personal examination of the matter. Mohammedans are Mohammedans because they are born and reared among that sect, not because they have thought it out and can furnish sound reasons for being Mohammedans; we know why Catholics are Catholics; why P resbyterians are Presbyterians; why Baptists are Baptists; why Mormons are Mormons; why thieves are thieves; why monarchists are monarchists; why Republicans are Republicans and Democrats, Democrats. We know it is a matter of association and sympathy, not reasoning and examination; that hardly a man in the world has an opinion upon morals, politics, or religion which he got otherwise than through his associations and sympathies. Broadly speaking, there are none but corn-pone opinions. And broadly speaking, corn-pone stands for self-approval. Self-approval is acquired mainly from the approval of other people. The result is conformity. Sometimes conformity has a sordid business interest--the bread-and-butter interest--but not in most cases, I think. I think that in the majority of cases it is unconscious and not calculated; that it is born of the human beings natural yearning to stand well with his fellows and have their inspiring approval and praise--a yearning which is commonly so s trong and so insistent that it cannot be effectually resisted, and must have its way. A political emergency brings out the corn-pone opinion in fine force in its two chief varieties--the pocketbook variety, which has its origin in self-interest, and the bigger variety, the sentimental variety--the one which cant bear to be outside the pale; cant bear to be in disfavor; cant endure the averted face and the cold shoulder; wants to stand well with his friends, wants to be smiled upon, wants to be welcome, wants to hear the precious words, Hes on the right track! Uttered, perhaps by an ass, but still an ass of high degree, an ass whose approval is gold and diamonds to a smaller ass, and confers glory and honor and happiness, and membership in the herd. For these  gauds, many a man will dump his lifelong principles into the street, and his conscience along with them. We have seen it happen. In some millions of instances. Men think they think upon great political questions, and they do; but they think with their party, not independently; they read its literature, but not that of the other side; they arrive at convictions, but they are drawn from a partial view of the matter in hand and are of no particular value. They swarm with their party, they feel with their party, they are happy in their partys approval; and where the party leads they will follow, whether for right and  honor or through blood and dirt and a mush of mutilated morals. In our late canvass half of the nation passionately believed that in silver lay salvation, the other half as passionately believed that that way lay destruction. Do you believe that a tenth part of the people, on either side, had any rational excuse for having an opinion about the matter at all? I studied that mighty question to the bottom--and came out empty. Half of our people passionately believe in high tariff, the other half believe otherwise. Does this mean study and examination, or only feeling? The latter, I think. I have deeply studied that question, too--and didnt arrive. We all do no end of feeling, and we mistake it for thinking. And out of  it, we  get an aggregation which we consider a Boon. Its name is Public Opinion. It is held in reverence. It settles everything. Some think it the Voice of God.  Praps. I suppose that in more cases than we should like to admit, we have two sets of opinions: one private, the other public; one secret and sincere, the other corn-pone, and more or less tainted. Written in 1901, Mark Twains Corn-Pone Opinions was first published in 1923 in Europe and Elsewhere, edited by Albert Bigelow Paine (Harper Brothers).

Criminal Justice System And The United States - 2397 Words

The population of offenders in correctional institutions in the United States is at an alarming amount, and it doesn’t have to be. Each year 7 million offenders are absorbed and expelled from correctional institutions and jails, placing a heavy burden on the criminal justice system (Morgan, 2011). Many of these offenders will recidivate, and with rates that are estimated at 70%, means 4.9 million will eventually return to the criminal justice system, creating a vicious cycle of arrest, re-arrest, and imprisonment (Morgan, 2011). Among this population are offenders with mental illnesses that need to be addressed, or specialized care that needs to be administered. Without the support of mental health programs such as mental health court,†¦show more content†¦Mental Health Court Mental Health Court plays a key role in the justice systems ability to filter out offenders who require appropriate prison sentences, against the needs of people with severe mental illnesses. Mental Health Courts are the first step in combating this growing population, and provide a link between court supervision and mental health services (Almquist Dodd, 2009). Almquist Dodd also explain that with the growing number of offenders with mental illnesses entering the criminal justice system, court staff is having a hard time keeping up (2009). With an already limited number of resources, there was little recourse but to cycle them through the criminal justice system. Mental health court provides the necessary relief to the courts by instead of dropping charges for low-level offenses or cycling them through corrections, they are enrolled in a program that can last between 6 months and 2 years and provide life changing specialized care (Almquist Dodd, 2009). While the original program was only open to offenders with misdemeanor charges, recently more courts have been open to accepting offenders with felony charges, and sometimes violent offenders (Almquist Dodd, 2009). The Almquist and Dodd also explain that in 18 months into the program mental health court

The Lesson of Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

Stephanie Lloyd Ms. Christenson English 9 May 19, 2010 The Lesson of Romeo and Juliet What happens when you are in love with an enemy of your family? In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet this is just the case. Romeo and Juliet are two teenagers madly in love with each other, yet their families are at war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lesson of Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two of them take all the risks to be together and deceive their parents time and time again. Many spectators of this play say that the lesson of Romeo and Juliet is that children should not deceive their parents. This is not the lesson at all. The lesson of Romeo and Juliet is that if love is strong enough, you’ll die for it. In the play, Juliet and her nurse do numerous things to keep Romeo and Juliet together. Romeo has Juliet tell her nurse to get him a ladder so that he can climb over the walls of the Capulet’s to see Juliet at night. The two of them are not afraid to do anything they have to for them to be able to see each other. Romeo and Juliet went as far as to go to Friar Lawrence and get married. Their love was so strong that they were willing to take the chance of losing everything just to be together, even if it meant dieing for on another. For example, in the play the Capulet’s, Juliet’s family and the Montague’s, Romeo’s family are at war. The two families hate each other, yet when Romeo and Juliet fall in love the nurse does everything to help hide it. Juliet tells her nurse that she is in love with Romeo, and the nurse keeps it a secret because she knows what would happen if Lady Capulet or Capulet, Juliet’s family found out. Juliet’s nurse knows that if she is caught hiding this secret that she will be severely punished. She helps the two of them be together even though she fears the risks of doing so. The nurse is more of Juliet’s mother than Lady Capulet is. This is the main reason that she helps Juliet so much. The nurse even gets Romeo a ladder so that he will be able to climb over the walls of the Capulet’s so that he can see Juliet at night. She hides everything from the Capulet’s, tells them lies about where Juliet is when she is seeing Romeo, and at night when Juliet is talking to Romeo and Lady Capulet is coming the nurse warns her so that the two of them wont get caught together. Yes the two of them were deceiving their parents, but they were doing it for love. They did not just do it because they could, it was simply for the love that they had for one another. When you read this play you can feel the emotion through the words Romeo and Juliet speak. As another demonstration on how the lesson of this play is â€Å"if love is strong enough you will die for it†, Romeo and Juliet went against all odds and got married. The two of them went to Friar Lawrence and asked him to marry them. They all knew that this was extremely forbidden because of the war between the families. Friar Lawrence did not want to marry Romeo and Juliet at first, but then he thought that maybe it would end the feud between the two families. Romeo and Juliet, if caught, could have been in more trouble than they had ever imagined. They took this risk because they loved each other and wanted to be together at all costs. These two teenagers did everything they could to be together. The things that they told each other were the most powerful words of love that two people could exchange. Romeo and Juliet’s love was so strong that they were willing to do anything to stay together. Right before the two of them had planned to have sex to claim each other in their marriage, they were caught. Romeo was banished from Verona for having relations with Juliet. Capulet then told Juliet that she was to marry a boy named Paris. Juliet was heartbroken about this and tried everything that she could to get the wedding stalled so that she would have time to go and find Romeo. Juliet went to Friar Lawrence to ask him for some advice on what she should do. He gave her a potion that would make her sleep for 42 hours but everyone would think that she was dead. Juliet and Friar came up with the plan for Juliet to drink it the night before her wedding. The next day when no one could wake her everyone would think that she was dead. They would then have a funeral and Juliet would wake before they buried her and go to find Romeo. Things went wrong with the plan though. Friar had sent Romeo a letter telling him that Juliet would be alive, but it never got to him. Romeo returned to Verona and found Juliet. She had already taken the potion and Romeo thought that she was dead. In his eyes, if she was dead then he could not go on living. Romeo killed himself right before Juliet woke up from the affects of the potion. When Juliet woke up and saw that Romeo had killed himself she was devastated. She had lost the love of her life that she had done so much to be with. Juliet killed herself when she saw Romeo because she knew that she would be with him in heaven. The two of them were finally together in a place where no one could tear them apart. If love is strong enough, you’ll die for it. This is the real lesson of Romeo and Juliet. Juliet and her nurse did everything they could to keep Romeo and Juliet together. The nurse gave Romeo a ladder to be able to see Juliet at night. Romeo and Juliet even got married behind their families backs. This play shows just how strong love can be and how much two people can care for one another. Many think that they have a strong bond with another person, but a lot of the times it turns out to be nothing. Romeo and Juliet is a case of true undying love for another person. This play shows everyone what love truly is. Its not just something you say because you can, its something you say because you mean it. If you really love someone you’ll do anything to be with that person. Is the love you have with someone else strong enough to die for? How to cite The Lesson of Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Financial Report Of Treasury Wine Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Report Of Treasury Wine. Answer: Accounting items from the annual report Accounting receivable looking at the annual report of Treasury wine estates for the year ended 30th June 2016, it is found that the amount of account receivable for that year were amounted to $ 603.4 million and that was decreased from $ 504.9 million for the year 2015. The trade receivables of the company are recognised at the fair value initially and eventually it is calculated at the amortised cost, reduced by the allowance of the doubtful debts. The company generally allow 30-120 days credit based on the transaction nature. Further, the bad debt is allowed for reducing the carrying amount of the trade receivables on the basis of the outstanding amounts analysis at the reporting date where potential risk is found with regard to credit (Mathuva 2015). Plant, property and equipment looking at the annual report of Treasury wine estates for the year ended 30th June 2016, it is found that the amount of account receivable for that year were amounted to $ 603.4 million and that was decreased from $ 504.9 million for the year 2015. The property, plant and equipment of the company are recognised at the fair value initially and eventually it is reduced by the impairment loss, if any and accumulated depreciation (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). The depreciation is provided on the straight line method. The leased assets are written of over the useful life or term of lease whichever is lower. During the year no changes were made with regard to the depreciation. Importance of accounting items on annual report Accounts receivable account receivable is the money that is expected to be received by the company in future. Depend on the amount of receivable it can be assessed that whether the company is able to pay-off its short term obligation comfortably. Further, it reveals whether the company is able to generate sales to earn profit (Bruce-Twum and Mensah 2015). If very large amount is shown in the balance sheet it indicated that the company is not able to collect its dues on time or not as the dues for long time increases the risk of bad-debts. Plant, property and the equipment this is one of the most useful items under the balance sheet and it assists in getting the idea of regarding how intensive the assets is and the particular business model it follows for plant, property and equipment (Zack 2013). When the balance sheet of various companies are analysed under a specific industry or sector, the plant, property and equipment of the company are compared with the after tax profit in terms of dollar (Tweglobal.com/~/media/Files/Global/Annual-Reports/2016-Annual-Report.pdf 2017). If the business is more productive, it may indicate that the companys PPE is lower as con pared to the cash balance. Social impact of accounting items Accounts receivable if the societal impact is considered, receivables will be regarded as important item as it helps the society analyse the liquidity position of the company. If the company is not able to collect its dues on time the chances of bed-debts will go up which may even lead to dissolve of the company. Further, the company from whom the dues is to be received will be regarded as not efficient for investment. Plant, property and equipment it will have a big impact on the society if the company is not providing appropriate depreciation on the asset and the asset is in use even after the useful life of the asset got over, it may adversely affect the environment as well as the society. Further, the type of asset may have adverse impact on the society and the community under which the business operates. Reflection of annual report While analysing the annual report of Treasury Wine Estate for the year ended 30th June 2016, I found that the company prepares its financial statement based on the Corporation Act 2001 and the authoritative pronouncement in compliance with the AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board). Further, the items are measured on the basis of historical cost except for some of the derivative instruments related to finance. I also found that the annual report of the company includes consolidated profit or loss account and the other comprehensive income, consolidated financial position report, consolidated changes in equity report and consolidated cash flows report. The report also includes the independent auditors report, directors report and directors remuneration report. The audit of the financial statements for the year ended 30th June 2016 was carried out by KPMG. While going through the annual report, I found that the report did not include any sustainability report, without that report the economic, social, governance and environmental performance of the company cannot be assessed. Further, the values were presented only in monetary terms. Moreover, the assets under balance sheet do not specify the factor that which of the asset can be sold and which are not. However, I found that the reports present clear data regarding the financial position of the company through consolidated profit or loss account and the other comprehensive income, consolidated financial position report, consolidated changes in equity report and consolidated cash flows report, it will be useful to the investors, creditors, and the lenders to assess the performance of the company. References Bruce-Twum, E., and Mensah, C. C. 2015. Financial Statement Analysis. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial Accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Mathuva, D., 2015. The Influence of working capital management components on corporate profitability. Tweglobal.com/~/media/Files/Global/Annual-Reports/2016-Annual-Report.pdf. (2017). Annual report 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.tweglobal.com/~/media/Files/Global/Annual-Reports/2016-Annual-Report.pdf [Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Zack, G.M., 2013. Financial Statement Analysis.Financial Statement Fraud: Strategies for Detection and Investigation, pp.209-213.

Analysis of the Department Store Retail

Introduction Department store retail is a business that sells products and services directly to customers. The businesses do not sell products with an aim of reselling them. Rather, they target family and individual needs. The major role of the departmental store retail is to get products from producers to consumers. They are important in directing the physical flow of goods and services from their point of production to their point of consumption.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Analysis of the Department Store Retail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the departmental retail, the retail operator has a direct contact with customers. This contact is crucial in any business since the operator can discover and attempt to meet the needs, tastes, and preferences of consumers. In departmental retail stores, there is a wide variety of product lines and merchandise dealings. Large departmental retail stores such a s Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams have different departments and sections that sell different merchandise to customers at one point. With close monitoring of clients, departmental retail operators can strategise to attract more customers and to satisfy their needs through various management issues. Such management issues include merchandise assortments, store layout and design, customer traffic flow, retail pricing, and store location. This paper discusses and compares such retail management issues as applied by Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams. Management issues applied by Marks and Spencer Marks and Spencer is a British multinational departmental retail store with its headquarters at Westminister in London. Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer founded it in 1884 in a place called Leeds. According to Angeleette, Marks and Spencer have 703 departmental stores in the United Kingdom besides having 361 other stores across 40 states (1189). The departm ental store focuses on retailing lavish foods and garments. The departmental retail store is also listed in the London stock exchange market. Marks and Spencer apply various management strategies to ensure that it holds its customer base to attract new clients to its retail products. One of such strategies is its use of layout and design. Image is imperative in creating a good appeal to customers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Retailers such as Marks and Spencer work hard in coming up with an image that creates an appealing mental picture to their customers. Layout and design are a technique of advertising that this departmental store applies. Various items that are sold at Marks and Spencer are placed at strategic positions for purposes of catching the customers’ eye at a certain time. Layout and design are also used to attract customers and to offer informati on in a bid to influence their buying spirit. The store has really invested in layout and design. According to Angeleette, Marks and Spencer contracted Urban Salon Architects to design its new look since 2008 (1189). The design includes making the stores more bright, use of current designs in layout, use of more spacious rooms, and placement of white tiles on the floor of the shopping halls. This design aims at making customers more comfortable and well guided while shopping at Marks. The floor is designed with white mannequins put in contemporary design to create a modern display image on the eyes of the customers. The design also comprises clothing rails put in new designs, stands in avant-garde and multiplicity of product walls and displays in the shopping mall. The store is also fitted with window display styles, till points, rooms that are large and fitting, signage, and lighting and product walls. In 2011, Marks and Spencer launched the Marble Arch store display design, which put a distinction on in-store brands. This new design is able to mark differences in brands. On the other hand, the design from Blue Harbour comprises a flag that is hoisted on a table that is made of wood, which has props hanging on its walls. The other part of design is the change of dressing from black polo t-shirts to green ones. Jackson and Leigh argue that the other management strategy that Marks and Spencer use is location (768). The location of business is imperative to its success. In fact, site is one of the factors that most businesses consider before engaging in trade. The location for a retail business such as Marks and Spencer must be very convenient for customers and the business itself. According to Angeleette, Marks and Spencer is an organisation that normally considers the country, the town, specific part of the town, and the specific point where it establishes its shops. The premise is to move the product or service to as close as possible to the consumer. With su ch a background, the company’s stores are placed in economically viable economies, in well-secured ownership, and at points with high consumer record.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Analysis of the Department Store Retail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Merchandise assortment is another management issue that Marks and Spencer apply. In trade, some goods are supplementary while others are complimentary in the way they fulfil consumers’ needs. This knowledge is important in organising the appearance of various merchandises. Certain goods must be placed close to each other while others must be placed at a point where the customers’ eye is caught first by a certain appearance. Such assortment is targeted at achieving high visual effect. Goods are therefore presented in a certain manner on the outlets. Gary argues that Marks and Spencer achieve good assortment through product combination, creation of certain environments, for example, that of freshness in foodstuff shelves, and through stimulation of tastes and preferences of customers by placing related goods close to each other (60). The departmental store does research on the character of customers and their shopping habit to find out their way of combining goods and services during shopping. For example, customers are likely to buy sugar, bread, and butter when they shop for everyday foodstuffs. Campbell asserts that Marks and Spencer have therefore assorted merchandise and placed them in alternate shelves such that, when one picks a packet of milk, he or she can spot and smell the scent of bread around (89). The feeling that the environment creates through smell and assortment makes the customer unable to resist the purchase. Apparels are assorted in a way that various categories of clothing are placed accordingly. For example, men’s shoes are placed next to men’s clothing. Foodstuffs are paced far from clothing and shoes. In fact, they are placed in different floors. Saks Fifth Avenue Saks Fifth Avenue is a departmental store retail that has its headquarters at Manhattan in New York, United States of America. It deals with luxurious apparels. Andrew Saks initiated the departmental store in the year 1867. The company later on merged with Gimbel Brothers Inc in 1924 where later on opened branches outside New York and in other countries.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wood affirms that Saks incorporate own Saks Fifth Avenue, which is an American multinational corporation (515). The departmental store operates in various countries across the world. The design and layout in Saks Fifth Avenue is unique. A common way that this retail outlet has exploited is the use of celebrities. In most cases, the apparel department is in such a way that, as one shops, he or she can spot celebrities fitted on the apparels he or she chose on the other side of the mirror. Such designs are unique, with customers marvelling at them. The identity of the store is also a unique identifier. The brand identity is very compelling. Wood affirms that the departmental stores are designed to occupy whole blocks (515). The design includes a well-heeled hum at the basement. The layout is in a way that there are well-organised cosmetics at the ground level with various sales persons keen to attend to customers. From this level, perfumes spritzers emit an overwhelming smell that pul ls the mind of the customers to the next display stands. The upper floors are meant for apparel sales. The floors are designed in a way that reflector mirrors magnify and multiply the appearance of the apparels. Apparels are then placed in accordance with class. Such classes are men’s fashion wear, kinds, jewels, and women’s fashions. There is also a cafe and a bar at the top floors for customers who prefer lunch in the company. Each of the class of apparels, other goods, and services occupy a different floor. For instance, a whole floor holds men’s wear such as suits, shoes, outwear, and other fashions for men. The retail has opened stores at large towns in America such as Maryland, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Hampshire. Saks Fifth Avenue also uses the location of business as a retail management strategy. It has its departmental stores located in major cities such as New York. The retail store has a touch of class and quality. It is out this that it cho oses its locations with a slight bias to large cities. The business is also located in huge storey buildings. This strategy ensures that customers can shop for the whole family at the same location. In fact, they can buy children, men, and women wear and jewels. Saks Fifth Avenue also achieves its management goals through merchandise assortment. Wood affirms that arrangement of various categories of apparel creates a certain image on the customer’s eyes (515). For example, in the designers, category women’s apparels are placed close to women shoes and handbags. The retail store objectively puts complementary goods close to each other to enable double sales. When a woman buys a pair of shoes, she is also likely to buy a handbag to match the shoe. The retailers therefore place the shoes next to handbags. Ladies’ items are also placed close to jewels and beauty fragrance. The premise is that women are likely to buy perfumes after buying clothes and shoes. Childrenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s clothes are placed in a particular floor. Next to these clothes are the children’s shoes and toys. Men’s clothes are placed in a certain floor next to men’s cologne, shoes, and ties. This kind of assortment has worked for the retail store. Debenhams Debenhams is a departmental retail that operates various countries. According to Glynis, the major countries of its operation include the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Ireland (31). Messrs Flint and Clark founded it in 1813. The retail store deals with fashion clothing, accessories, shoes, home furniture, cosmetics, electrical appliances, toys, and gifts. In 1851, the store partnered with Clement Freebody. After the incorporation of Freebody, it became Clark and Debenhams. Later on, in 1976, it acquired another company: Browns of Chester. Debenhams retained its individual name even after incorporation and acquisition of other companies. The departmental store has franchise retail outlets in other countries in the world. Debenhams was started as a store during the 18th century. The first store was set up in London, the United Kingdom. The retail store has now expanded to more than 165 outlets. The store is also listed at the London stock exchange. According to Glynis, the layout and design at Debenhams is in such a way that fashion clothing, cosmetics, and shoes are placed under one line, whereas accessories and electrical appliances are well displayed in shelves, with home furniture and toys being placed under certain shelves (31). The lighting in the display areas is also regulated to create a shopping environment. Electrical appliances are well packed, as others are open to provide a touch of reality to the customers. For example, some television sets are well assembled while some music devices provide a slow and sweet music that encourages shoppers. The location of Debenhams stores is not majorly in the big towns and city centres. In fact, most of its stores are located in shopping c entres such as the riverside shopping centre in Shrewsbury. The location of the businesses outside major towns allows customers to have a new shopping experience. Retailers also provide delivery services to their customers due to the nature of some of the products that they offer such as furniture. However, Debenhams does open displays and online advertising to direct customers to the specific location of various products. Merchandise assortments comprise another management strategy that Debenhams has exploited. Debenhams launched various brands under its name. Retailers also have certain particular names of designers that it has promoted. The prices of items that are designed by the selected designers are hiked on the streets because of the distinction created by Debenhams. Such designers include Jonathan Saunders, Roksanda, and Jonathan Kelsey. Various assortments are arranged by categories such as women’s wear, beauty, home and furniture, men and kids’ wear, lingeri e, shoes, gifts and toys, electrical, designers, and wedding stuff. According to Glynis, women’s wear is assorted into various categories for clients to locate them with ease (32). They include clothing, shoes and accessories, shop by range, and sports. Beauty products are assorted by their brands such as MAC cosmetics, Elemis, and Bliss. At Debenhams, one can shop for beauty products by category, for instance, new arrivals, make up, skincare, and male grooming. Unlike many other departmental stores, lingerie is assorted into one category. The category comprises bras, knickers, dressing gowns, maternity and nursing, and thermals. The electrical machines are also assorted into various categories for instance small appliance, household appliances, and audio-vision technology. Debenhams also has a special category of designers’ products such as designers women swear, handbags, dresses, menswear, shirts, and kid’s clothes. The readymade designer clothes are displaye d along the names of the designers such as Ashley Thomas, John Rocha, Carol Lake, Jane Packer, and preen. Comparative analysis of the Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams In comparison, the three departmental retail outlets have similarities and differences. The similarities and differences that emerge from Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams can be categorised under three management issues: store layout and design, store location, and merchandise assortment. The similarities that exist among the three departmental stall include the fact that all departmental stores deal with apparels in their merchandise assortment. In Marks and Spencer, various categories of clothing are sold. Similarly, Saks Fifth Avenue and Debenhams have various assortments of apparels. One can therefore argue that the three departmental stores discussed in this paper deal with apparels as a major product line. In fact, according to Shannon, Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, a nd Debenhams have various categories of apparels ranging from those of children, men, and women (597). Similarly, customers who visit these departmental stores mainly do so to purchase apparels. Departmental stores provide a variety of clothing. Such varieties give the consumer a touch of class and freshness. In fact, some of the departmental stalls like Debenhams have special designers for various categories of apparels. Another similarity is that Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams sell products directly to consumers at their location. Since all the three departmental stalls are retail-based, they get direct contact with customers. The retail departmental stores are fully furnished with five major departments of a departmental store. These departments ensure that services and products that consumers need are delivered to consumers at their location and that customers can acquire them fully at that location. These departments include the merchandising division, the sales promotion division, the personnel division, and the operations division (Rippin 575). The departmental stores are located at the points where the customers are situated. The departmental retail stalls can therefore gain direct experience of the customers and their tastes. Such direct contacts with the customers enable the management of the stalls to tailor the products to the specific needs of the customers. Customers’ buying habits and consumption habits also influence how they display, order the flow of customers, assort various products, and or even how they price their products. The three stalls have embraced self-selection procedures where customers pick the products they want and the cash them at the counter. Rippin affirms that the customers use a cash-and-carry method to acquire goods and services from the departmental stores. Customers are therefore not allowed to use or consume the items they pick from the shelves or the display rooms before they pay for them meaning that they acquire ownership of the items they pick from the stall when they pay for them at the counter. Observations were conducted on the liking of the major products from a sample of 300 shoppers at each individual store: Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams. Table of liking scale for the apparels offered by Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams Liking of the apparels offered for sale by the three retail departmental stores on a six point rating scale Retail store like Slightly like Strongly like dislike Slightly dislike Strongly dislike Marks and Spencer 50 50 200 0 0 0 Saks Fifth avenue 200 25 75 0 0 0 Debenhams 20 20 260 0 0 0 The table indicates that all the three departmental retails have a higher liking than dislike for their apparel products. None of the three retailers scores less than 20 on the like scale. All of them score 75 and above for strongly like. It is only Saks Fifth Avenue that scores lowly on the strongly lik e on its apparel. Perhaps this finding can be attributed to the fact that it offers other assorted items that may be more appealing to customers than apparels. Debenhams store scores very high scores on the strongly like category at 260. This finding can be attributed to the fact that it specialises with designers. Hence, many people are attracted to the novel ideas of creative work. Various differences exist in the way Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams manage store location, merchandise assortment, and layout and design. Merchandise assortment differs widely in the three retail outlets. The organisation of various assortments may differ widely due to the large number of goods and services that departmental stores provide today. The three departmental stores are large multinational retailers. They therefore deal with large varieties of products in a bid to meet diverse customers’ needs. Merchandise assortments differ widely as the merchandising departments d iffer in various retail stores. The merchandise division in each of the three retail departments is responsible for buying and pricing of the merchandise. After the merchandise is acquired, the sales promotion department takes over to advertise and display the assortments. According to Shannon, various goods are paced in different categories according to their usability, relatedness, for example, complementary or supplementary goods (598). The division sorts out the items to be placed together for display in a similar unit of point. According to Angeleette, at Marks and Spencer, the merchandise and the assortment is put in such a way that foodstuffs are placed far from apparels (1189). Foodstuffs are placed in one floor while the apparels and footwear are placed in another floor. Various apparels are displayed according to their relatedness. For example, men’s vests are placed next to their socks and underwear. However, at Debenhams, the assortment is completely different. Th e merchandise in Debenhams is assorted according to brand, designer, and quality. The premise is to give the customer a touch of class and uniqueness. Customers will therefore prefer shopping for apparels in Debenhams than in any other apparel dealers. Special designers listed by the outlet design the merchandise at Debenhams. The designers and the brand of apparels that the customers prefer create the difference. The outlet also offers high-class furniture and jewels. At Saks Fifth Avenue, the merchandise differentiates the assortment. Merchandise is organised by consumers’ needs. For example, men’s wear are placed under one floor while children’s wear are placed in a different floor. The different categories of merchandise at Saks Fifth Avenue are placed in different floors. The second difference in management issues of the three departmental stores is in the store location. Different departmental stores are located in different places depending on various fac tors such as proximity to the customers and producers. Marks and Spencer as a company has located its departmental stores in large cities in various countries. These departmental stores are not located in the suburban areas. Gary argues that Marks and Spencer targets the urban elites (60). The stores develop a class of consumers for their goods and services. This strategy is contrary to what Debenhams does. Contrary to Marks and Spencer, Debenhams usually opens new retail outlets in the suburban areas. Although Debenhams has some stores in major cities, it has many other stores in the suburban locations in a bid to meet customers’ need at the places of their location. The stores aim at taking the goods and services to the place where customers can reach them faster. Saks Fifth Avenue has its stores in major towns since it majorly deals in apparels. The department aims at meeting the elites’ clothing needs. This departmental store has a sense of class. It also has its o utlets located in large storey buildings. Such buildings are meant to provide an ample shopping point for the whole family. The location ensures that families have a one-stop shopping point. The third management issue that is different in the three departmental stores is display and layout. Although all the three retail stores do display as a way of advertising, they do so differently. Campbell asserts the design, display, and layout effects of Marks and Spencer include making the stores brighter through lighting, use of the most recent designs in layout, making more spacious shopping rooms, and placement of white tiles on all the floors (80). Such layout and display target creating a certain mental impression in the mind of the customer. On the contrary, product brands and designers do Debenhams’ display and layout. Categorisation of apparels, furniture, and other goods is done according to the designers. Special designers are listed by this departmental store with products being displayed along their names and pictures. Shoppers select goods according to brand and the designers behind them. Recommendations According to the findings of the report, various steps are evident that each of the retail departments needs to take in order to achieve better results. For example, Marks and Spencer should embark on diverging its goods and services to customers in the suburban areas. Most of the customers who purchase goods and services at Marks and Spencer travel from far distances to cities and towns where the departmental retail store has branches. Moving the merchandise close to customers by opening suburban branches will increase the company’s customer base and help in serving the clientele better. The departmental store should therefore open businesses in other different locations. Saks Fifth Avenue should also display its merchandise in the same floor instead of categorising and placing them in different floors. Jackson and Leigh argue that men, wome n, and children’s apparel should be placed under one floor instead of different floors to give the family a one-point shopping experience (766). The retail should also open more outlets in suburban areas. Opening branches in suburban areas will enable it reach out to most of the customers since they reside away from town centres. Debenhams should assort its products more to make selective displays. Apparel products should be placed on the same line. Other products such as electrical appliances should be placed in a different point. Marks and Spencer, Debenhams, and Saks Fifth Avenue should invest in opening more outlets in suburban areas in order to move their goods and services closer to the people. Display and arrangement of merchandise should also be done after a thorough research on customers shopping behaviour. Works Cited Angeleette, Benjamin. â€Å"The revolution that never came and the revolution that is coming.† Virginia law review 92.6(2006): 1189-123. Print. Campbell, David. â€Å"Legitimacy theory of managerial reality construction. Corporate social disclosure at Marks and Spencer.† Accounting forum 24.1(2000): 80-100. Print. Gary, Davis. â€Å"The evolution of Marks and Spencer.† Service Industries Journal 191.3(1999): 60-73. Print. Glynis, Jones. â€Å"Middle east expansion the case Debenhams.† International journal of retail distribution management 31.7(2003): 359. Print. Jackson, Paul, and Spaks Leigh. â€Å"Retail internalisation Marks and Spencer in Hongkong.† International journal of retail and distribution management 33.10(2005): 766-783. Print. Rippin, Ann. â€Å"Marks and Spencer waiting for the warrior.† A case examination of the gendered nature of change management 18.6(2005): 573-59. Print. Shannon, Brent. â€Å"Refashioning men’s fashion, masculinity and the cultivation of male consumer in Britain.† Victorian study 46.4(2004): 597-630. Print. Wood, Steve. The limits to por tfolio restructuring: lessons from regional consolidation in the US department store industry. New York: Word Press, 2002. Print. This case study on Analysis of the Department Store Retail was written and submitted by user James Kidd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Become a Flight Attendant 13 Expert Tips

How to Become a Flight Attendant 13 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you dream of traveling for work, touching down in a new city every day and experiencing different cultures regularly? Do you love helping people, and live for customer interactions (even the not-so-pleasant ones)? If so, you might want to consider a career as a flight attendant. Despite their glamorous TV and movie reputation, flight attendant jobs are difficult. They’re also competitive to get. In this article, I’ll break down how to become a flight attendant by first deciding if a job as a flight attendant is right for you and, if so, how to apply for flight attendant jobs. Becoming a flight attendant is an exciting, unique career path that has the potential to transform your life. Interested in Becoming a Flight Attendant? Consider These Questions First Flight attendant jobs are exciting, unique, and well-respected. They can also be exhausting and intense and require you to make significant sacrifices in your personal life. Before beginning the lengthy application process to be a flight attendant, consider these questions. Are You Okay With Working Long, Difficult Hours? A flight attendant’s schedule, at best, includes long, difficult work days. At worst, a flight attendant’s schedule can be unpredictable and exhausting. Once becoming a flight attendant, you’ll be responsible for having specific days where you’ll have scheduled trips to complete. You’ll also be responsible for a handful of days each month where you must be on-call to jump on a trip if required. Your on days, and your on-call days, can be any days - weekdays, weekends, holidays, etc. As a first year flight attendant, you’ll likely have to be on or on call for most major travel days, and have less seniority in picking which trips to fly. That means that you’ll probably be working on holidays and almost definitely be working on at least some weekends. The trips you take will often be extremely difficult and tiring on your body. If you mainly fly short, national flights, you’ll likely have two or more flights in a day and be responsible for overseeing the customer service needs of hundreds of customers. If you fly international trips, you’ll probably only have to fly one trip a day, but you’ll typically have a quick turnaround time before you have to be on your next flight. The toll of traveling to so many different places so quickly can heavy on your body, as you’ll often be adjusting to different time zones and getting up extremely early or staying up very late. Are You Able to Commit to an Intense Training Process? Flight attendant training is a long, intense process. For flight attendant training, you’ll need to move to a specified training location, where you’ll live with other flight attendant trainees for the duration of the training, which can last for several months. Most airlines only have two or three training facilities, so you’ll likely be far away from home for the entirety of your training. Training days themselves are mentally and physically exhausting. You’ll be learning rules about how to keep people safe in the air, as well as practicing the physical skills you’ll need to help pack the planes or conduct safe evacuations. Would You Be Okay Moving For Work? Airlines have hubs where many of their flights originate, and their flight crews are often required to live nearby so that they can be ready to jump on a flight at a moment’s notice. If you don’t live near your airline’s hub, you’ll likely have to move, at least for the part of the month where you’re on-call. That can mean leaving your friends and family behind for large amounts of time. Do You Like Dealing With Customers? As a flight attendant, you’ll have to deal with customers all the time - and they won’t always be pleasant or happy to work with you. If you don’t like dealing with customers, being a flight attendant probably isn’t the right job for you. How to Become a Flight Attendant: Flight Attendant Requirements Still want to be a flight attendant? Applying for a job as a flight attendant is highly competitive. For instance, Delta regularly receives 100,000 applications during its open enrollment periods, from which they only accept several hundred trainees. Many airlines have strict requirements for their flight attendants. In this section, I’ll talk about what some of those requirements are. Keep in mind, however, that every airline has different requirements of its attendants. Flight Attendant Requirements for Minimum Age All airlines have minimum age requirements from applicants. These can range from 18 to 21 years old, depending on the airline. There is no maximum age requirement for flight attendants at any US airline. Flight Attendant Requirements for Physical Ability One of the greatest myths about being a flight attendant is that you need to be a beautiful supermodel in order to be a flight attendant. Not true! Airlines don’t have physical appearance requirements, but they do want you to look neat and well groomed. Normally, airlines tend to look for conservative, classic styles of dress and appearance. That means that your hair should be dyed a natural color and you shouldn’t have any visible tattoos or piercings, besides ears. In terms of height and weight, airlines require that you’ll be able to reach the overhead bins to store luggage and that you can fit into the jump-seat easily. Other than that, there are no hard or fast cutoffs for height or weight. Airlines require their flight attendants to have 20/20 vision, which can be achieved either naturally or through the use of contacts and/or glasses. Finally, some airlines may require you to undergo a medical or physical fitness test to ensure that you’re in good enough health to fulfill the job’s requirements. Flight Attendant Requirements for Education All US airlines require that you have a high school diploma or GED to apply. You must also be able to pass a full background check and drug screening. How to Become a Flight Attendant: Finding a Job Flight attendant jobs can be difficult to find. Airlines often have hiring windows throughout the year during which they accept applications. Very few US airlines are hiring year-round. To that end, here are some tips for finding the flight attendant job of your dreams. Decide Which Airlines You’d Like to Work For First, you should decide what airlines you’d like to fly for. All of the US airlines are very different. When considering which airline you’d like to fly with, think about the following questions. #1: Where do I want to fly? Not every airline flies the same places. If you’ve got your heart set on making it out to the Pacific Northwest, make sure you’re applying to an airline that flies there.#2: What’s my customer service philosophy? Each airline has its own philosophy about customer service. Read up on the airlines to see which matches your own customer service philosophy.:3: What’re other flight attendants saying about working for this airline? You can use online company review sites like Glassdoor to get a sneak peek into what it’s like to work at a different airline. These reviews can help you see the positives and negatives a company, so you can make a more informed decision about where to apply. Always take these reviews with a grain of salt, however–just because someone else had a bad experience, doesn’t mean you will, too. Use Job Search Sites Job sites like Indeed.com and Monster.com can help you find out when companies are hiring flight attendants. You can also check Flight Attendant Career, a website that provides information about open applicant periods for all airlines in one place. Check the Websites of Airlines You’re Interested In Another great way to find flight attendant jobs is to watch the websites of the airlines that you’re interested in applying to. They’ll often have information about open positions on their sites. How to Become a Flight Attendant: Applying for Jobs As I mentioned, applying to be a flight attendant is very competitive. In this section, I’ll talk about how you can stand out from the crowd during the application and interview process. How to Present a Polished Flight Attendant Application Hiring managers at airlines have to look through hundreds of thousands of applications. Here are a few tips to make your application stand out. Show Off Your Skills Airlines are often looking to hire flight attendants who have special skills, like exceptional customer service ability or a passion for travel. If you’ve proven yourself to be able to work with people in different situations, you’ll definitely want to highlight this on your application. For instance, if you’ve encountered and had to serve people from different backgrounds in a previous job, it’ll show that you’ve got what it takes to deal with people. Similarly, airlines are looking for candidates who will enjoy traveling, which will obviously be a large part of your job description. If you’ve traveled a lot, highlight that, even if it’s in a later section of your resume, such as personal interests or skills. Finally, if you’re looking to fly internationally, fluency in another language can help you truly stand out from the pack, as you’ll have to help customers whose first language isn’t English. Make sure that your application reflects any unique skills you have that’ll help you standout from the crowd. Highlight Your Experience If you have previous experience as a flight attendant or in other high-stress customer service fields, make sure you note that on your application and resume. Airlines are looking for flight attendants who’ll be able to provide exceptional customer service to all of their customers. When highlighting your customer service experience, make sure you provide context. For instance, if you’ve worked in a shop before, quantify the number of customers you dealt with on busy days, which’ll show that you can handle numerous customer interactions in one day. Even if you’ve worked in a less relevant position, highlight how you’ve had to be flexible and helpful to different groups of people. Check Your Application Carefully Because hiring managers need to quickly screen hundreds of thousands of candidates at one time, you’ll need to make sure that your application is free of errors or mistakes that may automatically disqualify you from the position. Check for typos or other easy-to-correct errors that’d make your application look less professional. Make Sure You Fulfill the Requirements Before applying, make sure you fulfill all the requirements for employment. For instance, if the airline requires that you have a passport, make sure you’ve got one. If you don’t, the hiring managers will likely get rid of your application right away. How to Stand Out at Your Interviews Flight attendant interview days can be stressful affairs. You’ll often be interviewed amongst hundreds of your peers who’re applying for the same limited spots. Follow these tips to stand out from the pack. Make Sure You Look Professional As I mentioned previously, airlines place a high value on having their flight attendants be neatly groomed. Make sure you’re wearing a professional outfit, that your hair is neatly combed, and that you are awake and alert during the interview. Practice Flight Attendant Skills Airlines may have you demonstrate flight attendant skills during your interview, such as making an announcement on the PA loudspeaker of an airplane or dealing with an unruly customer. Prepare for these scenarios ahead of time by practicing what you’d say over the loudspeaker (remember to speak slowly and clearly) or how you’d deal with an angry customer. Coming in prepared for any scenario will help you stand out and give you a sense of calm during the interview process. Demonstrate That You Can Work Well As Part of a Team Flight attendants are part of a team. They work with other flight attendants on the plane, as well as with the captains and first officers who fly the planes. Make sure that you demonstrate your ability to be a good teammate during the interview process. Be prepared to highlight specific examples from your previous work where you’ve had to collaborate with other employees or positively resolve a workplace conflict. If there are any group activities, treat your other applicants cordially and respectfully, even though you’re competing for the same job. Training to be a Flight Attendant Once you’ve been provisionally hired as a flight attendant, you still have to complete the long and difficult training. Not everyone who’s accepted to training makes its all the way through to officially become a flight attendant. Knowing what you’ll face when going into training can help prepare you. Flight attendant training is an intense, multi-week program. You’ll be in training from anywhere from 2 to 8 weeks. You’ll likely have to move away from home to be at the training, which means you’ll be away from your friends and family. Your training will consist of educational and physical portions. You’ll learn about the codes, rules, regulations, and theories you need to know to safely transport passengers from one place to another. You’ll also go through the physical requirements of being a flight attendant. You’ll learn how to evacuate a flight, how to stow and remove luggage, and how to protect and see to passengers in the event of an emergency. To complete your training, you’ll be required to pass a safety, emergency, and evacuation test administered by the FAA. For most airlines, you must pass with a 90% or higher in order to be accepted as a flight attendant. Review: Is a Career as a Flight Attendant Right for You? If you’re wondering how to become a flight attendant, it’s first important to understand if being a flight attendant is right for you. Flight attendant jobs are quite difficult, and the path to becoming a flight attendant is long and competitive. Make sure that your application is polished and competitive so that you standout from the pack.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting - Assignment Example After the negotiation, the checking of the cars history report is important. The car that is to be bought should be that with a positive report (Sharif, 23). Test driving the car before the payments is much important since it makes the buyer satisfied with the elements and the features that cab be got from the test. Inspection of the car will make the next step where the car undergoes several checks to make sure it is well. Negotiation of the deal becomes the next step after the inspection. This makes the buyer able to insist on the price which is lower than the one stated by the seller (Sharif, 203). The last step will be closing the deal after the seller agreeing to sell the car between the limits of 15,000 to 25,000 dollars with the least price possible. Budgeting for the car entails the inclusion of the operational budget items such as the maintenance costs and the buying of fuel for the car. The budget also entails the decision on the payment of the car whether to do nit monthly or annually when the car is bought on installments. The budget should also be address and consider the parts of the car that are not paid for or those that need continuous change (Sharif, 57). The budget addresses the objective of the car which is mainly to use it for work during summer. The budget will also consider the flow of cash to be used in the maintenance of the car. The budgeting also considers the alternatives that are available apart from the purchase of the car for example the use of public means to go to work. The budget for the car considers the different related items that are needed in the use of the car and the methods to be used in the payment (Sharif, 87). The budgeting also entails the creation of a spreadsheet after the collection of several data about the different cars and their costs. The buying and selling of the car should entails integrity between the buyer the seller. This will bring the negotiation between the two to come to the good price

Principles of autonomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Principles of autonomy - Essay Example In this regard, autonomy dos not license patients to make any detrimental decisions that would hurt them, the family or the society. The idea of autonomy is banked upon the fact that people have different views regarding their health, religion, and cultural issues. In this regard, the principle expects that autonomous decisions maximize the welfare of the patients. It is worth noting that patients are supported by family members and other people in the community. As a result, they expect positive health outcomes. It is unethical to betray the expectation of other people by making unwise decisions. Family members are a particularly concerned about the progress of their patient and hence it would be unfair to them, both emotionally and financially, to make decisions that harm their health. The harmful acts may also require additional treatment and care; a fact that would add on to the cost of healthcare and reduce the recovery time. Thus, patients must consider the impact of their autonomous decisions on others before taking

Plastic surgery growth in teenagers Research Paper

Plastic surgery growth in teenagers - Research Paper Example Moreover, cosmetic surgery has become so popular among teenagers that their parents are now bestowing them to their children as gifts for their birthdays or even graduations. Many surgeons state that they are seeing more teenagers than ever coming to their practices for the various cosmetic surgery procedures available to them. Despite the fact that many parents and their teenage children have been advised against turning to major surgical procedures as a fix for the teenagers’ self-confidence, the number of teenagers who have undergone these procedures has continued to rise. For example, the number of teenage girls under the age of 18 years who undergo breast augmentation procedures has nearly tripled from one year to the next (Austin, 2000). Teenagers undergoing cosmetic surgery have become a common phenomenon and it is no longer a procedure reserved for the rich as it has previously been. In the initial stages before a surgeon can put a teenage patient in the cosmetic surge ry procedure, he must assess whether this patient is suited for the procedure, otherwise, the entire procedure would be unethical because the surgeon will only be interested in the patient’s money and not their well-being. ... e teenager of the benefits of the procedure, but also its limitations and he should make sure that the patient is ready to live with the consequences of the procedure whether it meets their expectations or not. Lastly, teenagers and their parents should be made to understand the risks of undergoing the cosmetic surgery as well as the time it takes to recover from the procedure (Wansbrough, 2012). In addition, there has been a growing trend among teenagers towards undergoing cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. From a handful of these procedures that were done some two decades ago on teenagers, today, a large number of teenagers in their hundreds of thousands, undergo cosmetic surgery. This number has kept on growing over the last ten years and it is actually becoming quite common. For example, the number of lipoplasty procedures for teenagers under the age of 18 years has continued to increase over the years and this has continued to be so despite the very careful selection by surgeons of the patients in this group. Furthermore, of the women who underwent breast augmentation procedures in the year 2010, about two percent of them were under the age of eighteen and this is quite a significant number (Egan, 2010). The reasons why teenagers go for cosmetic surgery to reduce or increase the size of their breasts, correct the balance between a pair of body parts and in this case mostly breasts and ears, correct the severe underdevelopment of some body parts and finally the need to increase their self-confidence in an environment where they feel insecure (Boodman, 2004). Many teenagers who wish to undergo plastic surgery are motivated by factors, which are very different from those that influence adults to do the same. Most of them want to improve the physical

Recent developments in policies in care

Recent developments in policies in care There are a number of recent developments in policies relating to care, however, I am going to focus on just one of these policies which is the National Health Service And Community Care Act 1990. Community care has no single meaning, broadly, it means helping people who need care and support to live with dignity and as much independence as possible in the community. The community is hard to define, it most often means ordinary homes, but for some people, it includes special forms of housing, residential or nursing homes. Community care involves provision which is largely pensions, benefits, income, transport, housing, the opportunity to work, policies for essential services such as fuel, telephone, recreation, education and leisure. Community care is part of our lives. It is the web of care and support provided for frail, people have sick, dependent people both by their families or others members of the community and by public or other services. This means helping some people remain in their homes or creating homelike places appropriate support. Community care means a preference for home life over institutional care. It means helping people to be integrated with their local community, rather than being separate from it, in a long stay hospital, where people do live with others in what are called communal settings or group homes. There is a general reference for smaller homes close to where people have always lived. New arrangements are being introduced for publicly provided social services. These are often referred to as the community care changes. They were first described in 1989 Government document called Caring for people, the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 made the necessary legal changes. Firstly, When looking at the history behind the NHS and community Care Act 1990, In 1948 the new National Health Service (NHS) and local authorities inherited 500 old workhouses that catered for, or warehoused a mixture of elderly people, some of whom were incapable of looking after themselves, some of whom needed medical or nursing care, and some of whom simply had nowhere else to go. The NHS, wanted to get rid of its embarrassing institutions, which contained hundreds of people confined to large wards with no privacy and receiving no significant medical treatment (Townsend 1962). The Nuffield Foundation issued a report from a committee chaired by seebohm Rowntree in 1947 on the circumstances of old people living in these homes, in smaller residential accommodation and at home. It recommended the development of small units, of no more than thirty five people, sited in the community. Central Government issued guidance to local authorities encouraging them to develop such smaller residential homes, though its own expenditure restrictions made this difficult to achieve until the 1960s when closure of the remaining workhouses became a major policy goal and local authorities began to build up services that supported elderly people in their homes, such as home helps and meals on wheels. In NHS terminology these alternatives to long stay care in the old hospitals and workhouses came to be called community care. The same approach can be seen in the next social group to be considered for community care, which was the mentally ill. The Royal Commission on the Law relating to mental illness and mental deficiency in 1957 saw a decline in the number of people needing long-term compulsory detention in hospitals. Many were there and their civil liberties denied merely because no alternatives were available. The preparation for the closure of large long stay hospitals for the mentally ill began in the early 1960s but it progressed very slowly at first. It was the scandals that hit the long stay institutions for the mentally handicapped in the late 1960s and early 1970s that began a large programme of hospital closure for that group too. (Martin 1984). The term community care came to be applied to those facilities that were developed to replace long-stay hospital care. The expectation was that local authorities would take on the role of proving such alternative care. In the 1980s, the emphasis changed again. In their very early statement of policy priorities for the elderly, growing older, the new conservative government emphasised the importance not of care in the community but of care by the community (Department of Health and Social Security 1981). This essentially meant care by the family and support by neighbours and local voluntary groups, not the local authority. Community care has been a concern to shift the responsibility for care from one agency to another, from the NHS to local authorities, from local authorities to families. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 was introduced for a number of reasons, it introduced new procedures for arranging and paying for state funded social care. The government stated that they aim to make the best use of public money to make sure that the services which are provided by local and health authorities meet their needs. They encouraged authorities to set priorities to decide how they will spend money if there is not enough to provide for everyones needs. They also ensure that local authorities check on the quality of care which is being provided through inspection units, complaints procedures, care management, setting of service specifications and monitoring contracts for care and they aimed to encourage local authorities to use other organisations to provide services, not just to provide themselves. The Audit Commission 1986 carried out a report called making a Reality of Community Care, which was a highly cogent and critical document. It discussed the fragmented nature of the so-called spectrum of care that was supposed to be available, from hospital to domiciliary care. It pointed out that many agencies were involved and that many people were either getting the wrong kind of care or not getting care at all. It criticised funding arrangements that gave more central government support to hospital care than to local authorities, which were providing an alternative. What was new was the exposure of what was happening to the social security funding of residential care. The Audit Commission documented the rise in spending and argued that the government was being wholly inconsistent. It was telling local authorities that it wanted old people to stay at home for as long as possible because that was the most cost-effective and desirable thing to do, but at the same time it was pushing large sums of public money into expensive residential and nursing home care. Sir Roy Griffiths, Mrs Thatchers trusted advisor on the NHS, had already reported to her on the management of the NHS. He was called into service again. He established the Griffiths report in 1984 to review the way in which public funds are used to support community care policy and to advise the secretary of state on options which would improve the use of these funds. (Department of Health and Social Security 1988). His essential job was to sort the money problem. In his report he recommended that public finance for people, who require either residential home care or non-acute nursing home care, whether that is provided by the public sector or by private or voluntary organisations, should be provided in the same way. Public finance should only be provided following separate assessments of the financial means of the applicant and of the need of care. The assessments should be managed through social services authorities. Local authority social services departments were responsible for the funding of support and organisation in the community, which commenced when the establishment of the NHS and Community Care 1990 was made. The blurring of the boundaries involving health and social care came into effect at the same time as the development of this Act was made. Recent debates are concerned with equality in community care over the allocation of public resources involving various client groups, income groups, localities and generations. Local authority services departments were in charge of funding and organising care and support in the community, this was carried out by the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 to allow individuals who are affected by disability or ageing to live independently as possible. Both the idea of responsibility and community care and for its organisation has been especially hard to identify. For example, in 1981 a study by the Department of Health and Social Security distinguished the inconsistent understanding of community care by health and social services authorities. For the NHS, community care typically referred to care offered outside the health service, for example, residential care from local authorities. Residential care was referred mainly by social services departments. The central department of social security was handed the main responsibility for funding from means testing to local service departments. Providing and planning care and assessing peoples needs was the local authoritys responsibility. This included domiciliary care as well as the allowance of money for places in residential and nursing homes. The Act included key objectives, which were, three different types of services available for people at their homes such as respite, day and domiciliary services which includes occupational therapy, bathing services, home care and home help, various types of daytime care outside a persons home is associated with day services. Examples of day services are lunch clubs, day hospitals and day centres. Another key objective is respite care enables people who are being cared for and carers to get a break from another. Respite services include day centre attendance, family placement schemes, sitting services and also respite care provided in nursing and residential homes. Another objective from the Act was service for carers, when an individuals needs assessment is being prepared, carers need to be considered. Another key objective was that a referral on behalf of a patient to social services can be made by any individual as well as any person who is a member of the primary health care team. Also, anyone who appears to need a community care service must be carried out by the local authorities. A written care plan should be then set out by the local authority which should address who, when and what will be achieved by providing services, to deal with issues with services there should be a contact point and if any circumstances change, there should be information on how the individual can ask for an evaluation of the services. Another objective is that GPs are expected to deliver helpful information on health to assist social services in the care assessment. There are a number of adult client groups that benefited from these objectives. The children Act 1989 introduced many changes relevant to provision for children and their protection, adult client groups include elderly people, people with physical disabilities, mental health problems, drug and alcohol problems, people with HIV or AIDS, homeless people and people who are terminally ill. However, the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 have been criticisms. There is a tension between the idea of user-led assessment and the targeting of resources on people. Some social services departments are worried that the assessment process will raise expectations which cannot be met. It is possible that some assessments will not reflect peoples actual needs, but only the needs they are allowed to express in line with those the authority feels able to meet. Such a system would suppress only understandings of the true level of need, unless the unmet needs are carefully recorded and fed back into the system. Also the community care reforms are rooted in the idea that people should have choice about how their care needs are met. Assessment should be user-led, but gives the ultimate responsibility for defining need and working out how or if it will be met to the local authority through the assessor or care manager The Act has been also criticised for using the term vulnerable adults. They are defined as at risk of abuse. They are those meeting the criteria of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, or being in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness and being unable to take care of themselves or to protect themselves against significant harm or exploitation. The term vulnerability is being used in this Act to stress the differences between people in terms of their ability to protect themselves. However, these differences are not fixed and a disability perspective would argue that casting disabled or older people, or people with health problems, as vulnerable is a form of infantilization and further perpetuates their less than full adult status. They can be seen as helpless or dependent and unable to manage the risks of ordinary living. Examples of this are: people with learning disabilities may be over-protected by those who fear they will be exploi ted, in particular, sexually. Another criticism of the Act is that Lewis and Glennerster (1996) have suggested that NHS officers regarded the 1990 Act as good grounds for getting rid of their long-term care responsibilities as soon as possible. Some health authorities stopped providing any continuing care beds at all (Richards 1996). Eventually, these developments forced the department of health publicly to accept that the 1990 Act had led to a reduction in the responsibility of hospitals for long term care, not withstanding its earlier claims to the contrary. On a 1994 report by the Health Service Commissioner into the case of a seriously brain damaged patient, for whom the local health authority had refused to accept responsibility, The Commissioner found that, in refusing to spend resources on patients of this type, the health authority was failing to fulfil its duties. (Health Service Commissioner 1994). Another criticism of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 are that even though the reforms have stressed the significance of carers (primarily other family members), however, some of the individuals that need care do not have families and of the individuals who do have families do not have carers. Also the basic difference in individuals family situation is not directly addressed by the current policy. The community care reforms, which were preceded by the white paper, found that the government distinguishes that demographic movements will have repercussions for the potential availability of carers. However, it failed to explore what these repercussions might be; the reforms also persist to place the relatives at the middle of the care system. Another criticism is that there also may be no interpreting service to help people whose first language is not English, or who is death, People may not want their financial means to be assessed, disablement benefits have to be put towards servic es offered, when there is already difficulty making ends meet. In conclusion the community care involves provision which is largely pensions, benefits, income, transport, housing, the opportunity to work, policies for essential services such as fuel, telephone, recreation, education and leisure. Community care is part of our lives. The NHS and Community Care Act included key objectives, which were, three different types of services available for people at their homes such as respite, day and domiciliary services which includes occupational therapy. Criticisms of the policy include casting disabled or older people, or people with health problems, as vulnerable is a form of infantilization and further perpetuates their less than full adult status. (2599 words)

The Way it Was :: essays research papers

Washington Post: Research Points to a Key Alzheimer’s Risk factor Key Terms: Amino Acids: An organic molecule with a hydrogen atom, amino group, an acid group, an â€Å"R† group which are all covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom. Genes: Unit of information about a heritable trait passed from parents to their offspring. Hypothesis: possible explanation, of a phenomenon, one that has potential to be proved false by experimental tests. Statins: cholesterol lowering drugs. Text References: Chapter 16: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering- pg. 741-743 on vitamins and the essential amino acids. Summary: Researchers believe that homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood, is the cause for an increased number of deaths from Alzheimer’s disease. Chances of getting this disease are believed to almost be doubled due to high content of the amino acid in the blood. Scientists believe now that they can determine people who are at greater risk and also be able correct the problem. The answer, scientists believe, is to simply lower the high amounts of homocysteine in the blood by taking certain vitamin supplements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New research by scientists have led us to the conclusion that the higher amounts of homocysteine in the blood the greater chance of getting Alzheimer’s disease. In the late 1980’s , scientists studied 1,100 participants all with the average age of 75, to see what amount of homocysteine was present in their blood. Approximately eight years later, 10% of those tested had developed dementia, most of its attribute to Alzheimer’s. The 30% which had the highest content of homocysteine in their blood had twice the risk of developing the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The data found by scientists has lead them to believe homocysteine is the cause for elevated occurrences of Alzheimers disease. Scientists believe that homocysteine accounts for 15% of the populations risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Obviously if the 15% of those cases were prevented that would mean a much fewer amount of cases of Alzheimer’s disease from occurring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willaim Jagust a neurologist from the University of California at Davis tends to disagree with the results. Dr. Jagust states, â€Å"If we lower homocysteine levels, will we lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?† He questions homocysteine because he says there are many other factors which play a role involving dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Aristotle and His Numerous Essay

Aristotle As an important figure head in the field of philosophy, Aristotle and his numerous influences will be detailed. Identification and evaluation of key concepts and analyses that comprised his theories will be discussed along with identification and description of his contributions to the field of philosophy will also be offered. Lastly, further discussion will focus on how the culture and the time period influenced his ideology. Metaphysics Metaphysics is a branch philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being. It is considered to be one of the greatest philosophical works. It kind of piggy backs off of Plato’s theory of forms. Plato believed that the nature of things is eternal and doesn’t change, but we know from just living in this world that things are always changing daily. Aristotle wanted to reconcile these contradictory statements of the views of the world. Aristotle used the influence of both Heraclitus and Parmenides. One believed that things appear to be permanent but they are really gradually changing all the time. Parmenides, argued certain conclusions could be reached by using reason alone and making no use of senses. After studying at the Academy, Aristotle would turn against his teaching and felt that there was a connection between the abstraction of existence and the science of nature. Aristotle described substance as material reality and formal and discusses the connection between actuality and potentiality. According to Aristotle, the being of any individual thing is primarily defined by what it is, i. e. by its substance. It is both Substratum (matter) and essence (form) and can combine them both (form and matter). He also believed that wisdom is knowledge and principle cause of things. He explained that there are four causes of things: the purpose for which a thing has being (the final cause), the source of â€Å"motion† or change in a thing (the efficient cause), the matter and subject of a thing (the material cause), and the substance or essence of a thing (the formal cause). He also believed that change will occur in something in order for its potential to become a reality. In order to have a cause and affect relationship between two different things, it will include the potentiality of a cause to produce and effect and an effect to be produced by a cause. According to Aristotle, there has to be actual potentiality in order for an event to happen and if its potentiality can become actuality. Epistemology Aristotle was the first to formalize a foundationalism epistemology. Foundationalism is the idea that knowledge claims are ultimately justified by first principles. I intend to define and describe these first principles as well as explain how it is we come to know the first principles. A first principle is an infallible truth, Kath auto, in itself. These first principles are not conclusions of prior arguments, but the absence of the need of an argument, in and of itself. First principles are also called the archai, nous, understanding and the axioms. When Aristotle speaks of Archai and axioms his meaning is, that which is ‘the beginning’. It is for this reason that geometry passed down the language of the axioms. Of first principles there are two main types: 1. Axioms or common principles are the general or universal truths 2. Posits or proper principles are the thesis’ or truths to a certain science. Also, among the posits are suppositions, that something is or is not, and definitions of what something is. The only way to know the first principles is through nous. Nous uses induction through perception to grasp the first principles. Nous is the capacity of rational thought and understanding. It is through a perceptual process that the first principles can be known. The process followed in coming to know the first principles is through, use of perception, a potentiality that Aristotle believes all animals possess in varying degrees. 1. Sensation is the first step, and the grounds for memory. 2. Memory is a potentiality that many animals possess. 3. Experience comes from the foundation of memory; some animals have the potential to experience. 4. Human beings alone have the potential to make a rational account of their perceptions. The axioms and first principles can only be induced from that which persists in the world we experience; the world as we know it. In many ways Aristotle’s epistemology has survived the tests of time. It seems correct; Aristotle’s foundational views are accurate. As a linear theories of justification Aristotle leaves us with a justified belief, with which we can have a great certainty in relation to its validity. Full filling the common test of epistemology as a justified, true, belief. There is little or no truth attributed to an infinite regress of justification. Just as there is little or no ground for circular theories of justification. Either proposes a void in justification, by justifying with a prior axiom or by always continuing to a deeper axiom in need of justification. The believe that the first principles do exist and that they can be grasped through the human faculty, known as nous, is shared implicitly by much of the world today and is the legacy of Aristotle. Axiology Aristotle was best known for his theory on values, â€Å"Golden Mean,† which is about moderation, balance, and harmony for his axiological system. The basic realism, he believed in essence, which is the attributes for an object to be what it is. The main focus for Aristotle is the question of a person’s character or personality. Aristotle theory is the middle ground between extremes, to determine a lowest and highest good. Aristotle ethics are based on the concept of doing good than just being good. A person may be kind, merciful, charitable, etc. , but until he proves this by helping others, his goodness means nothing to the world, in which case means nothing to himself. Aristotle believes that moral virtues are the best character traits; a vice is what it is called when there are two extreme character traits. An example would be fear; we would develop the virtuous character of courage. If we were to use an example to show extreme trait by curbing fear, too much would be rash, which is called a vice. If, one on the other extreme, we develop a vice therefore to be cowardly. In life it is difficult to live the virtuous life because often difficult to find the mean or the middle between the two extremes. Another example would be shamelessness (deficiency), modesty, (mean), and bashfulness, (excess). At the top of Aristotle list for virtue is self-respect is the best virtue to have, according to him but that is, depending on them for its existence, and itself in turn tending to strengthen their force. Aristotle says moral weakness occurs when someone does something wrong and knows it is wrong but follows his desire against reason anyways. According to Aristotle, human functions contribute to happiness. Happiness is an exclusively human good; it exists in rational activity of soul conforming to virtue. This rational activity is viewed as the supreme end of action, and so as man’s perfect and self-sufficient end. So the virtue of courage would be in between those two extremes. Summary Aristotle is considered by some as the quintessential philosopher of all times. His writings and teachings have influenced many people such as writers, artist, politicians and scientists. One of the greatest commanders of the world was a student of Aristotle. This student was born Alexander the Great. Alexander study under the guidance of Aristotle until the age of sixteen learning medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. He was a major influence on the field of science. Alexander remained humble and grateful for the teachings of Aristotle, as a result he helped fund his studies of life forms, which led to the foundation of the science of biology. Biology is the study of life and living organisms. The study of biology has help man understand the many facets of nature. Aristotle empirical views focused on biology and its diversity of life. Biology has grown significantly and dramatically since the days of Aristotle, but his influences are still evident even by today’s standards. Zoology, human biology, and botany are subcategories of biology. There have been advances in the subcategory of human biology, which have led to the creation of cures for diseases once deemed incurable or preventable. Scientists are currently producing a medication touted as a new treatment of the HIV disease. Raynor (2012), â€Å"the FDA on August 28, 2012 has approved a once a day pill manufactured by Gilead Sciences’ called Stribild. The drug combines Truvada which itself contains two HIV drugs in addition to elvitegravir which is a new HIV drug. This new drug attacks the virus in a different way. The fourth ingredient is also new and enhances elvitegravir. This new medication can help control the virus that causes AIDS and is aimed to be utilized on patients that have not previously been treated for the infection† (para. 1). This advance in human biology could not have been possible without the Aristotle’s foresight to preserve human life. His quest for knowledge has been a motivation tool for mankind to function and exist. Aristotle has also influenced the philosophies of metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology. According to â€Å"Aristotle† (2008), â€Å"Aristotle (384–322 B. C. E. ) numbers among the greatest philosophers of all time. Judged solely in terms of his philosophical influence, only Plato is his peer: Aristotle’s works shaped centuries of philosophy from Late Antiquity through the Renaissance, and even today continue to be studied with keen, non-antiquarian interest. A prodigious researcher and writer, Aristotle left a great body of work, perhaps numbering as many as two-hundred treatises, from which approximately thirty-one survive. His extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic, metaphysics and philosophy of mind, through ethics, political theory, aesthetics and rhetoric, and into such primarily non-philosophical fields as empirical biology, where he excelled at detailed plant and animal observation and taxonomy. In all these areas, Aristotle’s theories have provided illumination, met with resistance, sparked debate, and generally stimulated the sustained interest of an abiding readership† (para. 1). References Aristotle. (2008). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/aristotle/ Aristotle, , & Ciulla, J. (2004). Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In G. Goethals, G. Sorenson, & J. Burns (Eds. ), Encyclopedia of leadership. (pp. 44-48). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10. 4135/9781412952392. n15 English, F. (2006). Aristotle. In F. English (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of educational leadership and administration. (pp. 49-50). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10. 4135/9781412939584. n27 Howell, B. (2008). Aristotle (384–322 b. c. ). In L. Kaid, & C. Holtz-Bacha (Eds. ), Encyclopedia of political communication. (pp. 43-46). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10. 4135/9781412953993. n34 Raynor, C. (2012). New HIV treatment combines 4 medications into a once a day pill. Retrieved from http://www. examiner. com/article/new-hiv-treatment-combines-4- medications-into-a-once-a-day-pill Sachs, J. (2001, April 11). Aristotle: Ethics. Retrieved August 28, 2012, from http://www. iep. utm. edu/aris-eth/ http://www. angelfire. com/md2/timewarp/firstphilosophy. html.